Psychosocial Milestones in Adolescence: Key Developmental Tasks

Sexual maturation in adolescence is an intense process involving hormonal alterations, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, and structural and functional changes in the brain.
The basis and precondition for adolescents’ changing psyche is the transition from concrete to formal thinking, enabling hypothetical thinking, combinatorial thinking with deductive or inductive reasoning, abstractive thinking, and metacognition. With formal thinking, the ability to contemplate oneself and others appears, leading to the emergence of adolescent egocentrism, criticism, philosophising, making life plans, etc.
During adolescence, various aspects of identity involved in shaping both the individual and social self, become integrated. Core components of identity are established, autonomy is expanded, and the processes of identity formation and differentiation unfold. As adolescents develop their own personal systems of self-defined standards, they reorganise their self-concept, gaining a sense of integration and autonomy. Biological changes trigger the formation of gender identity, and some adolescents begin to regulate their behaviour based on abstract principles and values.
In adolescence, young people increasingly form enduring and deep relationships outside their family homes. Friendships with peers of both genders take more advanced forms, and a new type of closeness associated with romantic involvement emerges, preparing adolescents to build mature relationships.
Adolescents revise the circle of people they once considered as meaningful as new sources of role models appear. Parents and teachers lose the status of authority figures, although they frequently maintain some influence on young people’s choices of role models. Adolescents increase demands on their parents to allow them more freedom and control over their lives and put them to various tests to see if they can accept and are ready to support them.
Adolescence can compound emotional and digital addictions affecting young people and increase their risk of becoming juvenile delinquents.

Keywords: adolescence, puberty, formal operational thinking, identity development, status of identity, gender identity, post-conventional phase of moral development, peers, friendship, romantic relationship, parents, developmental disorders